Voltaire's Candide provides another fantastic example of literature from the Enlightenment. Like The Rape of the Lock, Candide is a satire. Voltaire calls into question contemporary ideas about propriety, science and reason, religion, politics, and conquest, among others. The book faced harsh criticism, which Voltaire knew was coming, and was subject to censorship.
Candide is written in the style of a bildungsroman, but rather than a serious coming of age story, Voltaire sends the protagonist, Candide, through a series of imporbable life events, e.g., experience as a reluctant soldier, valiant protector, treasure hunter, and ultimately farmer. The book parodies serious (and seriously bad) romance plots of the day and makes light of Leibnizian Optimism, or Leibniz' idea that we live in the best of all possible worlds. While many sound ideas resulted from the Enlightenment, there was a lot of in fighting going on there too.
For an explanation of some of the themes occurring in the various chapters, see http://www.auburn.edu/~mitrege/ENGL2210/study-guides/candide.html
Also see Wikipedia's article, Candide, for a good bibliography.